The convergence runs in two directions:
- EW as a carrier for cyber: injecting an effect over RF. Taking over a drone's control protocol (Counter-UAS & drone EW) is in fact a cyber effect delivered over an RF link.
- Cyber-like techniques in EW: software-defined and cognitive EW (New concepts in EW) rely on the same learning, software-driven approach as cyber.
GNSS spoofing (GNSS and navigation warfare) also sits on the boundary: it is an EM technique with an information effect — a false picture of the world in the receiver — exactly where cyber and EW meet.